反思城市化，與城市的能源使用課題

"我們的城市消費了多數的食品，但卻不生產食物。而很多人在城市裡工作，卻不住在裡頭。這個現象造成效能低落的問題，不只是在都市規劃的脈絡裡，也意味著能源使用的低效率。"

Paris / Delta Electronics Foundation 

文／葉怡辰(台達電子文教基金會氣候與能源計畫專員)

What do food distribution and urban mobility have to do with “green” buildings? Most of the food products consumed in cities are not produced there; the same applies to human mobility.

食物產銷、都市交通，與「綠建築」有何連結呢？我們的城市消費了多數的食品，但卻不生產食物。而很多人在城市裡工作，卻不住在裡頭。

巴黎氣候協定即將破百 究竟帶動了甚麼改變？

"富有國家談到投資時，不只想到成長，他們想的是綠色成長 (green growth)。這跡象顯示各國不再將氣候變遷視為一種責任或義務，而是一個機會。"

Divest campaign (Source: 350.org/Melbourne, Australia )

文／葉怡辰(台達電子文教基金會氣候與能源計畫專員)

    《巴黎氣候協定》拍板通過後，幾乎屆滿一百天，然而，COP21歡呼成功之後帶來甚麼改變嗎？我們就會從自我毀滅的道路外另闢蹊徑嗎？當然，三個月的時間只夠瞥見一些「後巴黎」的改變或發展趨勢的端倪，以下則是已在全球各地付諸實踐的努力：

    三月初，G20高峰會於上海舉行，數個世上最大經濟體的領導人齊聚，眾多討論事項中也包括了對綠色投資的承諾與實踐。儘管綠色投資的定義仍舊模糊，但大體上包括了再生能源、能源效率、永續運輸，到化石燃料補貼的改革。總的來說，主要經濟體承諾在未來將投入驚人的900億美元，進行氣候相關的融資。

#100daysafterparis - A Post-Paris ‘changement climatique’ Momentum Recap

Divest campaign  (Source: 350.org/Melbourne, Australia )

Angela Yeh, Climate and Energy Project Officer at Delta Electronics Foundation

It has been almost a hundred days since the Paris deal was adopted  – what has changed since the relative success of COP21? Are we rerouting to a trajectory that is not destined to self-destruction? Evidently, a three-month grace period offers only a peek into the changes and the potential changes post-Paris – nevertheless, the following efforts have taken place around the world:

In early March, the G20 meeting convened in Shanghai, where leaders of the worlds’ largest economies discussed, among many other things, the commitment to and implementations on green investment. The definition of green investment, though ambiguous, encompasses anything from renewables, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation to fossil fuel subsidy reform. Collectively, major economies pledged a staggering amount of 90 billion USD over the next decade on climate-related financing.

《天翻地覆》 談自由貿易所犧牲的氣候正義

 "  娜歐蜜．克萊恩這本書裡有三點非常適合台灣民眾參考，第一是自由貿易協定跟減碳之間的關聯性。第二點是所謂的電業自由化，是否就是我們邁向能源轉型的救星？第三點，化石燃料撤資行動在台灣該怎麼被落實與推動？"

圖：釜山港，韓國最大的港口，世界第五大貨櫃港。
(UN Photo/Kibae Park Flickr,CC BY-SA 3.0 )

         「氣候戰役在台灣」廣播節目於一月中旬介紹由加拿大知名作家兼記者娜歐蜜．克萊恩 （Naomi Klein）撰寫的《天翻地覆：資本主義 vs. 氣候危機》。

              身為左派知識分子的偶像，娜歐蜜過去的著作《震撼主義》與《No Logo》都帶領我們用不同的角度看待資本主義對社會帶來的衝擊。 這次邀請到的與談人是綠盟常務理事趙家緯，與台達基金會高級專員葉怡辰兩位，共同分享這本書有哪些可觀之處。主持人為台達電子文教基金會張楊乾。

播出時間：2016 年 1 月 28 日，氣候戰役在台灣節目
主題：解構《天翻地覆：資本主義 vs. 氣候危機》
受訪者：趙家緯、葉怡辰
主持人：張楊乾    訪問彙整：謝雯凱

中產階級崩壞的臨界點何在？

"中產階級是大經濟體的主要貢獻者，天災襲擊城市時自然會傷及中產階級的生計。若一個城市對氣候變遷衝擊較沒有韌性、較為脆弱，那麼居住其中的中產階級 也會面臨到政治、經濟與社會的不穩定性。"

2012年10月底侵襲美國紐約州的珊迪颶風造成許多城鎮受損。(Source:The National Guard via Flickr )

文／葉怡辰 (台達電子文教基金會氣候與能源計畫專員)

    2015年，世界各國因為各種天災而蒙受國內生產總值 (GDP) 的高額損失 ─ 乾旱、洪災、暴風雪、颶風，可說俯拾皆是。根據瑞銀 (UBS) 最新出版的報告《氣候變遷：全球中產階級面對的風險》，指出有5千萬人，相當於英格蘭的人口數量，在2015年時因為天災而被迫離開自己的家園。

三分鐘了解碳定價

"為碳定出價格，可能得以將社會經濟成本移轉回到排放源身上。不僅讓排放者直接感受到「氣候變遷」，且社會過去擔負的成本 (大多數狀況是弱勢者負擔) 可以在符合正義的概念下重新分配。"

韓國安山的電塔  ( UN Photo/Kibae Park Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

文／葉怡辰 (台達電子文教基金會氣候與能源計畫專員)

    「碳定價」(Carbon Pricing)，或是「給碳一個價格」(Putting a Price on Carbon)，都是指一種市場機制，向那些二氧化碳廢氣的排放源 (政府、企業、或地方) 收取費用，來達到節能減碳、抑制全球暖化的目的。碳定價受到許多經濟學者的偏愛，他們相信，如果要購買「碳權」才可以排碳的話，就會產生適切的經濟誘因來限制全球碳排，而這也就是碳定價的基本概念。

從加州到台灣 ─ 乾旱會成為新的常態嗎

"加州仰賴洛磯山脈山頂的積雪，作為河川、湖泊最主要的水源。然而，加州的積雪已經連續第四年低於正常值。上週加州州長傑里•布朗親自宣布了 25% 的限水令。"

Source:Oregon Department of Agriculture via Flickr

文／葉怡辰 (台達電子文教基金會氣候與能源計畫專員)

    過去幾個禮拜，美國加州與台灣數個城市，都開始了限水措施。快速Google一下，你也會發現不只有這兩個地方在跟乾旱搏鬥─事實上，非洲與南美洲有些地方正面臨嚴峻的水資源匱乏，並且威脅著民眾基本生活生計。巴西的經濟中心─聖保羅，甚至出現「水難民」這個字眼，來形容因為乾旱而導致的遷徙現象。

    雖然乾旱在一定程度上，可歸因於氣象週期，然而旱情延長、嚴重程度，並遍及全球範圍，無疑地與人為氣候變遷拖不了干係。此外，各國境內的某些既有問題，也可能因而雪上加霜。

From California to Taipei – How Water Shortage Becomes the New Normal

Source:Oregon Department of Agriculture via Flickr

Angela Yeh, Climate and Energy Project Officer at Delta Electronics Foundation

Both the state of California and several cities in Taiwan have issued water rationing in the last few weeks. A quick google search will tell you that these two places are not alone in the fight against droughts – in fact, some parts of Africa and South America are facing the dire water shortage problem as it threatens the people’s basic livelihoods. In São Paulo for example, the economic heart of Brazil, the word ‘water refugee’ has emerged to describe population relocation as a result of droughts.

Although a certain degree of drought can be attributed to meteorological cycles, the persistence, severity and inconsistencies of droughts across the globe, is without a doubt, a product of anthropogenic climate change. Nevertheless, there are country-specific problems that have led to not only the inevitability of drought, but the exacerbation of it.

‘Lovers Love, Haters Hate’ – the issue with fossil fuels, nuclear, CCS and renewables – Can we afford to say no?

" ...the ‘2050 Calculator’ is a refreshing approach to thinking through how we might solve the misalignment of demand and supply. The concept of the calculator is one in which individuals can experiment with a wide range of behavioral decisions and tolerance for energy options."

Young female polar bear (Source:Michael Bamford flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Angela Yeh, Climate and Energy Project Officer at Delta Electronics Foundation

The short but sweet visit of the Former UK Chief Scientific Advisor of DECC (Department of Climate Change and Energy), Prof. David Mackay, brought with him – not only his scientific insights on global warming, but also a paradigm-shifting-type of thinking to the very stagnant energy policy conversation in Taiwan. Weeks before Prof. Mackay’s visit, Taiwan held its National Energy Conference. And as most national meetings go, regardless of subject, very limited (if any) consensus was reached. I apologize that this post will not be about the gridlock of the energy debate in Taiwan (as interesting as it otherwise would have been) – but will be about why and how we should view the energy problem with, hopefully, a fresher pair of lens.

英國能源暨氣候變遷部前首席科學顧問專家，大衛‧馬凱教授(David Mackay)短暫但親切地拜訪台灣，他所分享的不僅是對全球暖化的科學見解，也為停滯不前的台灣能源政策，帶來能促使典範移轉的思考。其實就在馬凱教授來訪前，台灣才召開了全國能源會議，如同大多數的國家級會議，這場會議達成共識有限。很抱歉這篇文章並非要談台灣能源論辯的僵局，而是關於我們為何，以及該如何以更不落伍的視角，希望如此，來看待能源問題。

Australia Kills Carbon Tax – If and Why There Is Still Hope

The main campaign slogan of  Tony Abbot, Prime Minister of Australia, was to abolish the carbon tax.
Via website of Liberal Australia.

By Angela Yeh, Climate and Energy Project Officer of Delta Electronics Foundation

Last week, the Australian government repealed the first market-based carbon tax mechanism that was established among developed countries. The decision not only undermined at least a decade of efforts leading up to the trading scheme (that only lasted for two years), but also diminished the world’s confidence on Australia’s leadership (or the lack of it) on climate change.